Moritz Liewerscheidt ist freier Künstler im Bereich des Experimentalfilms. Er studierte Philosophie und Geschichte in Düsseldorf und Medienkunst in Köln. Sein besonderes filmisches Interesse gilt der Mentalitätsgeschichte und dem Verhältnis von Bild und Sprache. Formal bewegen sich Liewerscheidts Arbeiten zwischen der Tradition des Essayfilms und dem sinfonischen Film. 2019 gründete er mit Jenny Dam die Silberstein Produktion für Experimental- und Animationsfilm. Liewerscheidt lebt in Berlin.
Die drei ausgewählten Filme sind erstmals in der Zusammenstellung zu sehen. In der Tonart zwischen Melancholie und abgründiger Komik wechselnd, verbindet sie trotz unterschiedlicher Sujets eine Faszination für das Zufällige und Absurde des urbanen Raums, den Liewerscheidts statische Kamera scheinbar unbeteiligt festhält.
IM TOTEN PARK
(2019, 8 Min)
Sozialisiert in der BRD. Als Palimpseste, in denen literarische Tradition, sprachlicher Alltagsmüll und medial vermittelte Phrasen aus zweiter Hand mehrfach überschrieben sind, erweisen sich die Gedichte eines Lyrikers in der westdeutschen Provinz als Metatexte zu einer ferngerückten Epoche – der alten Bundesrepublik.
»Im toten Park« ist Teil eines gleichnamigen Filmzyklus, der auf Gedichten von Dieter Liewerscheidt basiert, dessen Gedichtband »Es läuft doch alles« begleitend zum Film im Berliner XS-Verlag erschien. Den Soundtrack produzierte der Noisekünstler Julian Flemming.
ANDERE GÄRTEN – DAS ABC DES FLORIAN SCHENKEL
(2015, 36 Min)
Endstation Hermannstraße: Der Antiheld des Films, der Künstler Florian Schenkel, ist ein Kulturpessimist, der längst jede Hoffnung hat fahren lassen. Tagsüber arbeitet er in einer Tee-Fabrik, nachts malt er Bilder, die er niemandem mehr zeigt.
Vor seinem Umzug nach Berlin-Neukölln war Schenkel nicht nur als Maler eine feste Größe der Münchner Subkultur, sondern ein gefeierter Hörspielautor, der auf Lesebühnen in die unterschiedlichsten Rollen schlüpfte. In Berlin ging er unter – zu voraussetzungsreich seine Thomas-Mann-Parodien, zu hintergründig sein an Karl Valentin geschulter Sprachwitz.
»Das ABC des Florian Schenkel« entstand, als der Münchner Künstler Thomas Glatz den verloren Geglaubten in seiner Berliner Matratzengruft aufsuchte, um ihn noch einmal zum Sprechen zu bringen. Im Gepäck ein Diktaphon und 26 Begriffe.
In den Bildern des experimentellen Dokumentarfilms bleibt der Protagonist abwesend, nur seine Stimme begleitet den Zuschauer durch die Nebenstraßen, Parks und Friedhöfe Berlins. Wer ist dieser Florian Schenkel?
Das filmische Denkmal des unbekannten Künstlers, Trinkers und Drameladenherstellers ist zugleich ein Portrait Neuköllns.
JAHRHUNDERTWENDE
(2012, 30 Min)
»Jahrhundertwende« ist eine filmische Reflexion zum Verhältnis von Aufklärung und Romantik, Spätkapitalismus und (Neo-)Nazismus. Zugleich hinterfragt der experimentelle Film das vom TV-Dokumentarfilm gewohnte Verhältnis von Publikum und gesprochenem Kommentar. Gegenwartsbilder und Zitate historischer Texte kommentieren sich wechselseitig und lassen Raum, selbst zu denken.
Der Essayfilm feierte seine Festival-Premiere 2014 in Hamburg beim Internationalen Kurzfilmfestival (IKFF) und erlebte seither zahlreiche Vorführungen mit Publikumsdiskussion. Ein Kommentar zum Film erschien 2020 im Verbrecher Verlag unter dem Titel Paternalismus und offene Form in Konformistische Rebellen. Zur Aktualität des autoritären Charakters, hrsg. von Andreas Stahl, Katrin Henkelmann u.a.
»Aufklärerische Fortschrittsaffirmation und romantische Fortschrittskritik treffen auf die vollendeten Tatsachen einer spätkapitalistischen Gesellschaft. […] Im Fokus des Films steht vor allem die regressive Tendenz einer Fortschrittskritik, die nicht zufällig in offenen Antisemitismus mündet und außerdem deutliche Parallelen zu zeitgenössischen Formen populärer Kapitalismus- und Globalisierungskritik aufweist. Der Film zeigt auf, dass sich in ihr Kernelemente nationalsozialistischer Ideologie finden und verfolgt schlaglichtartig deren Formierung zum Weltbild. Die Konfrontation von Texten aus einer Zeit vor dem Nationalsozialismus mit Aufnahmen aus dem heutigen Deutschland macht Liewerscheidts Film gleichzeitig zu einer Auseinandersetzung damit, wie im 21. Jahrhundert mit dem Erbe des Nationalsozialismus verfahren wird.«
– Arbeitskreis Gesellschaftskritik, Universität Leipzig
Interview
Im Folgenden ist ein Interview zum Film dokumentiert, das im Januar 2014 in »The Sociological Imagination« (UK) erschien.
Milena Kremakova: Can you tell us something about the film’s background? How did you decide to make it, what was the initial idea – was it an image, a sentence you read, a message you want to convey, or maybe something else?
Moritz Liewerscheidt: On German TV you can see Hitler every evening. For decades, a guy called Guido Knopp made a living by editing the same old Nazi film material over and over again, putting some »critical« voice-over on it spoken by the popular German voice actor who also represents Robert de Niro in the German dubbed versions of his films. All these »documentaries« focus on Hitler as a person. If a magazine puts Hitler on the cover, it’s a fail-safe method to increase its sales. People are obsessed with Hitler – not only in Germany. At the same time, people seem to know very little about the ideology behind Nazism. In recent years, a shallow critique of capitalism and globalisation has become popular again. which argues with moral outrage against »greedy managers«, etc. Although this form of criticism is labelled as »left wing«, it has nothing to do with the materialistic analysis of capitalist economy pursued by Karl Marx. Instead, the arguments used in this appeal to emotion, are often very similar to those used by the early Nazis – sometimes even brought up with exactly the same words.
In my film, you hear a kind of »dialogue« which is made up completely out of historic quotations. The origin of these quotations is revealed at the end of the film. Until then, you are left alone with those statements: no explanation is given, so you have to think for yourself. Counter-intuitively, the voice advocating some positive aspects of capitalism »belongs« to Karl Marx. At the same time, the images of the film reflect the situation in today’s Eastern Germany, where vast areas apart from the refurbished tourist spots have become pauperised.
MK: I loved watching »Jahrhundertwende« – in fact I saw it several times and it struck me that I understood more with each time I watched it. This might have to do with my imperfect grasp of German, but also with the weight of its ideas. It made me think for a long time after I had watched it. Do you think it is a film best watched »slowly« or »quickly«?
ML: Thank you. I’d say the film works quite similar to an art installation. The spectator – »contemplator« is a good word – becomes part of an experiment, which requires an active recipient with the disposition to get oneself into it. It’s quite the opposite of the documentaries shown on TV, where you have a strong omniscient narrator taking you by the hand. Instead, you have to puzzle out the big picture by yourself – you can’t just trust the voice-over. For some people this might be frustrating.
MK: Tell us more about the title: »Jahrhundertwende«. As many German words, it is maybe impossible to fully translate into English.
ML: »Turn of the Century« is a correct translation. In German it contains the word »Wende«, which is the term used for the downfall of the »German Democratic Republic« in 1989-90, but also means »turning point« in general. While the quotations used in the film originate from the 19th and 20th century, the images are from our present, the 21st century. This asynchrony induces some shifts of meaning. But primarily, the title refers to the turn of the century from the 19th to the 20th century, which was felt by many contemporaries to be a period of »decadence« and degeneration, but at the same time a period of hope for a new beginning. The mindset of this age saw western civilisation as being in a crisis that required a massive and total solution. I think this is an essential point in the formation of fascist ideology, which is neglected in the popular media – maybe because it is so inconvenient: that it was born as a revolt against the materialism of the 19th century – both liberal and Marxist –, against literally everything the 19th century stands for: the idea of progress, materialistic science, the universal idea of mankind, rational enlightenment, civilisation. In this regard, Marx can be seen as a typical exponent of the 19th century – and the rise of fascism and Nazism in the early 20th century as a »turning point of the century« – or a rupture in civilisation.
The funny – or should I say disturbing? – thing is that today’s »postmodern« criticism of the universal claims of the Enlightenment – which is so popular among academic leftists – has some parallels with the fascist and National-Socialist anti-Enlightenment of the early 20th century. Alfred Rosenberg’s »Myth of the 20th Century« was all about anti-universalism. The awareness of elements of Nazi ideology which originate in fin-de-siècle Lebensreform movement (life reform movement) seems all the more disturbing, since many of those ideas – emerged in response to the destructive effects of industrialisation to nature and traditional lifestyles – have become part of our »green« mainstream today, after being marginalised for decades after World War II.
Of course, it’s much easier to distance oneself from Nazism if you think it was all about being racist and hating Jews – and a guy with a clownish moustache. In my film, it might take a while until you realise the »sensitive guy« criticising environmental pollution or the »greed for money« is a fierce anti-Semite.
MK: The imagery and music in the film are gripping and evocative. How did you go about shooting the film and creating the soundtrack?
ML: I was looking for a kind of images which evoke what Freud called »Unbehagen in der Kultur«, or discontent in modernity (published in English as Civilisation and its Discontents), for I wanted to make comprehensible the affect against the negative aspects of modernity in the first place, which, in a way, fascist ideology gave an authoritarian answer to. Also, I tried to allude to the pictorial design of German Romanticism, especially by the famous painter Caspar David Friedrich. I even carried a book of his paintings with me when filming in Brandenburg. But in place of the ruins of romantic cathedrals, you’ll see those of the industry of former Socialist Germany.
The music is a 1940’s record of a symphony written in the late 19th century by Gustav Mahler, but it’s played with the wrong speed. So this piece of late Romanticism sounds much darker, even menacing – there’s something wrong with it from the beginning. Maybe I can add something to your first question. In his book, »Erbschaft dieser Zeit« (Heritage of our Times), the Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch developed a dialectic analysis of German culture, pointing out aspects in the romantic critique of capitalism which are not necessarily reactionary. Still, they could be occupied by the Nazis, since most marxists of the time had a pretty simple notion of »progress«, rejecting the »irrational« hopes and aspirations of romantic anti-capitalism as simply reactionary. By dialectic means, Bloch wanted to fish the utopian fragments of Romanticism out of the »fascist sludge« they had fallen into – for some of them stand to reason. Certainly, Bloch was an outsider with this perspective. To me, this book published in the early 1930’s can be read not only as an astonishingly accurate presentment of the years to follow, but also as a comment on why a neo-Nazi movement could rise just in former East Germany after the downfall of bureaucratic real socialism. Although the book is not quoted in the film, it was a significant influence.